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I work regularly with HLS and from what I've seen, all TS segments on all live platforms always start with a key frame (I-frame). Every segment starts with an I-frame So, I was doing a little bit of reading and found that this requirement that every segment starts with a key frame is because when a viewer tunes in, the player can only start playing at a key frame because it has none of the previous frames to predict and decode if the segment were to start with a P-frame or a B-frame. Input factors And typically in a live stream input, a content producer usually decides 3 key factors Segment Duration (in seconds typically) Key Frame interval (in number of frames typically) Frame rate (in frames/second typically) While delivering TS segments for all the requested renditions (Resolution, bit rate etc), the input has to be cut into segment durations of the requested size, honoring the key frame interval at the input frame rate. This seemed to be simple at first tho...